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About This Project
In the early 60s, during the Kennedy administration, there are repeated insurgent attempts to overthrow this US-backed South Vietnamese government by the newly formed, largely Communist National Liberation Front (NLF). The military arm of this political group is known as the Vietcong. In response, the Kennedy administration substantially expands military aid, increases the number of US military advisers, and authorizes them to take part in combat.
By December 31st, US forces in Vietnam number 900 [ Bowman, p. 20]
February 1: In Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the Southern United States, and 6 months later the original 4 protesters are served lunch at the same counter.
View footage from the Berkeley/San Francisco anti-discrimination demonstrations captured by Harvey Richards (Courtesy of Estuary Press. © Paul Richards, 1991. All rights reserved)
1960: Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) is founded. The SDS, which grew out of earlier left-wing student organizations, including the Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID), was to become the most important white radical organizations of the 1960s.
The SDS Constitution (1969) describes the organization as "an association of young people of the Left. It seeks to create a sustained community of educational and political concerns; one bringing together liberals and radicals, activists and scholars, students and faculty. It maintains a vision of a democratic society, where all levels of people have control of the decisions that affect them and the resources which they are dependent. It seeks a relevance through the continual focus on realities and on the programs necessary to effect change at the most basic levels of economic, political, and social organization. It feels the urgency to put forth a radical, democratic program whose methods embody the democratic vision." [ Heath, pp. 8-10, 219]
January 20, 1961: John F. Kennedy becomes the 35th U.S. president.
May 1961: Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visits President Diem in South Vietnam and hails the embattled leader as the "Winston Churchill of Asia".
October 1961: To get a first-hand look at the deteriorating military situation, top Kennedy aides, Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow, visit Vietnam. "If Vietnam goes, it will be exceedingly difficult to hold Southeast Asia," Taylor reports to the President and advises Kennedy to expand the number of U.S. military advisors and to send 8000 combat soldiers.
October 24, 1961: On the sixth anniversary of the Republic of South Vietnam, President Kennedy sends a letter to President Diem and pledges "the United States is determined to help Vietnam preserve its independence..."
January 12, 1962: The U.S. Army Air Force lauches Operation Ranch Hand. The operation involves dropping a strong defoliant chemical (dioxin) known as Agent Orange. The purpose of the product is to deny an enemy cover and concealment in dense terrain by defoliating trees and shrubbery where the enemy could hide (in army-speak: "a modern technological area-denial technique") [NYT 1/12/62; Boettcher, pp. 257-59; Ranch Hand]
February 27, 1962: The presidential palace in Saigon is bombed by two renegade South Vietnamese pilots flying American-made World War II era fighter planes. President Diem and his brother Nhu escape unharmed. Diem attributes his survival to "divine protection."
October 22, 1962: In a televised speech, President John F. Kennedy announces that U.S. spy planes have discovered Soviet missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy announces that he has ordered a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent Soviet ships from transporting any more offensive weapons to the island. The president terms Cuban military activities a "clandestine, reckless, and provocative threat to world peace."
Listen to excepts of this speech online (includes transcript of speech) (via John F. Kennedy Library)June 29, 1962: In Los Angeles, the UC Regents vote to end compulsory student service in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC)beginning with the fall semester of 1962. University President Clark Kerr states that the action was taken "responsive to student petitions", but added that the proposal had confronted the Regents since 1877.
- Documents related to James Meredith and the University of Mississpi (via The John F. Kennedy Library)
Listen to President Kennedy calling for an end to race riots (via BBC)January 1-2, 1963: Forces of the North Vietnamese National Liberation Front (NLF) (also known as the Vietcong) defeat the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN) in Battle of Ap Bac, sixty-five kilometers southwest of Saigon in the Mekong Delta. This was the first major combat victory for the Vietcong against the South Vietnamese regular army.
February 11, 1963: The CIA's Domestic Operations Division is created.
August 21, 1963: Troops loyal to South Vietnamese, US-backed President Ngo Dinh Diem dress up as regular troops and attack Buddhist temples and sanctuaries throughout the country. A member of the Catholic Vietnamese minority, Diem continues to pursue pro-Catholic policies that antagonize Buddhist groups. President Kennedy denounces the attacks. Buddhist groups continue to stage increasingly intense protests, including individual instances of self-immolation. The most widely publicized instance occurs on on June 16, 1963, when Buddhist monk Thich Quang Duc immolates himself in downtown Saigon [NYT, 6/13/63; King, 2000]
August 24, 1963: A U.S. State Department message sent to Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge is interpreted by Lodge to indicate he should encourage the military coup against President Diem.
November 1, 1963: With tacit approval of the United States, operatives within the South Vietnamese military overthrow South Vietnamese government. President Diem and his brother Nhu are shot and killed in the aftermath (on November 2nd) [NYT, 11/2/63; NYT, 11/2/63a]
- JFK and the Diem Coup (via The National Security Archive, George Washington University)
The White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the President. Disc 3: President Johnson discussing the Diem coup in Vietnam in 1963. [sound recording] Media Resources Center Sound/D 169November 22, 1963: President Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas. Kennedy's death meant that the problem of how to proceed in Vietnam fell squarely into the lap of his vice president Lyndon Johnson.
October 1963 to Summer 1964: Students from UC Berkeley and San Francisco State University participate in picketing of the Sheraton Palace Hotel in San Francisco in protest of racially discriminatory hiring practices. Over 170 demonstrators are arrested.
View footage from the Berkeley/San Francisco anti-discrimination demonstrations captured by Harvey Richards (Courtesy of Estuary Press. © Paul Richards, 1991. All rights reserved)
March 17, 1964: The U.S. National Security Council recommends the bombing of North Vietnam. President Johnson approves only the planning phase by the Pentagon.
May 4, 1964: Trade embargo imposed on North Vietnam in response to attacks from the North on South Vietnam.
August 4, 1964: Lyndon Johnson television address on the Gulf of Tonkin incident.View the speech online (via Miller Center for Public Affairs)- Transcript of Johnson's address to Congress, August 5, 1964 via Yale Law School Avalon Project)U.S. Senate Debate on the Resolution, August 5, 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Notebook
The White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the President. Disc 5: President Johnson discusses The Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the bombing of North Vietnam with Robert McNamara, [sound recording] Media Resources Center Sound/D 169 [See also online extracts of these conversations at Whitehousetapes.org]- Videos in the Media Resources Center related to the Free Speech MovementFree Speech Movement Project (Bancroft Library)Free Speech Movement Archives
For audio recordings of various Free Speech Movement activities and events, see UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: The Free Speech Movement and Its Legacy ]February 24, 1965: The US implements Operation Rolling Thunder, a series of intense bombing campaigns lasting from February 1965 until October 1968. The operation begins primarily as a diplomatic signal to impress Hanoi with America's determination and as a means of bolstering the sagging morale of the South Vietnamese. Curtis LeMay, the commander of the US Air Force, comments: "My solution to the problem [of North Vietnam] would be to tell them frankly that they've got to draw in their horns and stop their aggression, or we're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age. And we would shove them back into the Stone Age with Air power or Naval power, not with ground forces." [ Lemay, p. 565; Herring, pp. 173-79]
President Johnson seems to have been less confident about the effectiveness of this campaign. In a phone conversation to Secretary of State Robert McNamara, Johnson said: "Now we're off to bombing these people. We're over that hurdle. I don't think anything is going to be as bad as losing, and I don't see any way of winning." [as quoted in Dallek, 2002]
May 1965: The Gallup Poll shows that only 48% of the US respondants feel that the US Government is handling the Vietnam conflict effectively; 28% feel that the situation was being handled badly; the balance have no opinion. [LAT, 7/18/65; NYT, 8/8/65] A June 1965 Harris Poll indicates that over 60% of the Americans queried support both the infusion of additional troops into Vietnam and the retaliatory bombing of North Vietnam. [LAT, 6/28/65]
August 5, 1965: CBS airs a report by Morley Safer ( CBS Evening News With Walter Cronkite) that shows Marines lighting the thatched roofs of the village of Cam Ne with Zippo lighters, and includes critical commentary on the treatment of the villagers. The story generates an angry reaction from Lyndon Johnson, who is certain that Safer must be a Communist and orders a security check. Informed that Safer wasn't a Communist, just a Canadian, he comments, "Well, I knew he wasnt an American." [ Vietnam on Television; Wolfe, Essays; CNN: Cold War]
- The Safter broadcast - included in The Vietnam War with Walter Cronkite: Volume 1. [videorecording] DVD 2400
Morley Safer: The Burning of Cam Ne (via PBS)October 26, 1965: New York City Council approves designating an official Support American Vietnam Effort day by a vote of 28-to-2.
February 10, 1965: Tran Van Dinh Addresses Students at UC Berkeley
March 24-25, 1965: Students for a Democratic Society organize the first teach-in on the Vietnam war, at the University of Michigan. [NYT 3/25/65]. The event is attended by about 2,500 and consists of debates, lectures, movies, and musical events aimed at protesting the war. Thirty-five other universities follow suit (see UC Berkeley Teach-In, May 21-23, 1965)[ Menashe and Radosh, pp. 3+]
The State Department is invited to send a representative, but declines. UC Berkeley professors Eugene Burdick (Political Science)(see also May 21, 1975) and Robert A. Scalapino (Political Science), who had agreed to speak in defense of President Johnson's handling of the war, withdraw at the last minute. An empty chair is set aside on the stage with a sign reading "Reserved for the State Department" taped to the back. A food vendor at the event offers "Chicken Scalapino" on its menu. [ Rorabaugh, pp. 91-94]
Participants include: Dr. Benjamin Spock; veteran socialist leader Norman Thomas; novelist Norman Mailer; independent journalist I.F. Stone.
Other speakers include: California Assemblymen Willie Brown, William Stanton and John Burton; Dave Dellinger (political activist); James Aronson ( National Guardian magazine); philosopher Alan Watts; comedian Dick Gregory; Paul Krassner (editor, The Realist); M.S. Arnoni (philosopher, writer, political activist); Edward Keating (publisher, Ramparts Magazine); Felix Greene (author and film producer); Isadore Zifferstein (psychologist); Stanley Scheinbaum (Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions); Paul Jacobs (journalist and anti-nuclear activist); Hal Draper (Marxist writer and a socialist activist); Levi Laud (Progressive Labor Movement); Si Casady (California Democratic Council); George Clark (British Committee on Nuclear Disarmament); Robert Pickus (Turn Toward Peace); Bob Parris and Bob Moses (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee); Jack Barnes (National Chair of the Young Socialist Alliance); Mario Savio (Free Speech Movement); Paul Potter (Students for a Democratic Society); and Mike Meyerson (national head of the Du Bois Clubs of America). British philosopher and pacifist Bertrand Russell sends a taped message to the teach-in.
Faculty participants include: Professor Staughton Lynd (Yale); Professor Gerald Berreman (Chair, UCB Anthropology Dept.); Professor Aaron Wildavsky (Political Science and Public Policy
Performers includes: folk singer Phil Ochs; improv group, The Committee and others.
- © Pacifica Radio, 1968. All rights reserved.
Dr. Benjamin SpockOriginally broadcast on KPFA, 13 August 1965. Archive # BB2218.21
I.F. Stone- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
Photo of I.F. Stone at UCB teach-in (by Ron Enfield)Originally broadcast on KPFA, 3 July 1965. Archive # BB2218.04
Norman MailerNorman ThomasListen to this recording (52 min.)Senator Ernest Gruening- Senator Guening, former Territorial Governor of Alaska from 1939 to 1953, was selected Senator of Alaska in 1956, 1968, and 1962. Gruening was one of only two Senators voting against President Johnson's Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (the other being Wayne Morse of Oregon).
Listen to this recording (52 min.) Originally broadcast on KPFA, 6 July 1965. Archive # BB2218.06
Mario Savio- Contents: 1. Introduction by Professor John Searle (4 min.) 2. Talk by Mario Savio (28 min.) Produced by KPFA, Berkeley, 28 June 1965. (Note: First several minutes of program are poorly recorded)
- Originally broadcast on KPFA, 28 June 1965. Archive # BB2218.02
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
Isaac Deutscher- Speech by journalist, historian and political activist Isaac Deutscher. Deutscher was a leading authority on Soviet affairs. The upsurge of left-wing sentiment that accompanied the Vietnam War (see The Sixties) made Deutscher a popular figure on university campuses in both Britain and the United States.
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 26 August 1965. Archive # BB2218.09
Paul Potter- President of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)speaks about the war and student activism. Potter's remarks are an extended version of a speech he gave at the April 17, 1965 march on Washington: "...now the war in Vietnam...has provided the incredibly sharp razor, the divider, that has finally separated thousands and thousands of people from the illusions about the decency and morality and integrity of this country's purpose internationally."
- Listen to this recording (34:33 min.)
Dick Gregory- Gregory was a popular topical comedian and civil rights activist. [See Also Gregory biography from AfricanAmericans.com] "...Yeah, I called LBJ the other day to try to discuss the Vietnam crisis with him. Oh, I call him every now and then. It's very important to me because--I'm going to be honest with you--I'm not about to fight them Red Chinese. ...When you stop and think that Red China got 688 million people, if them cats ever start singing 'We Shall Overcome', they gonna do it, baby!"
- Listen to an excerpt from Gregory's talk (7:05 min.)
- Krassner was "editor and ringleader" of the satirical magazine Ramparts. In his talk, Krassner takes a few hilariously low blows at Professor Eugene Burdick, particularly Burdick's critical comments about the Teach-In [See interview with Burdick]
- Listen to an excerpt from Krassner's talk (5:13 min.)
Bob Parris- Robert Moses Parris was an important African American civil rights leader involved with organizations including SNCC and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). In the early to mid-1960s, Parris participates in several rallies against the Vietnam War, but by the end of 1965 he ends his relations with white activists. In 1966, Parris flees to Canada to avoid the draft. In June 1968 Moses and his second wife settled in Tanzania. They return to the United States in 1976. [Biographical Dictionary of the American Left]
- Listen to an excerpt from Parris' talk (4:06 min.)
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 1965. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
M.S. Aroni- Aroni, a Holocaust survivor and outspoken human rights advocate, was publisher of the alternative magazine, Majority of One ("An Independent Monthy for an American Alternative, Dedicated to the eradication of all restrictions of thought." "In the present life-and-death struggle of the Vietnamese people there must be among America's youth some who are sufficiently sensitive to justice, sufficiently outraged by the conscienceless actions of their government, and sufficiently courageous, to join the people of Vietnam in their heroic self-defense..."
- Listen to an excerpt from Aroni's talk (5:41 min.)
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 1965. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
UC Berkeley Professors Eugene Burdick and Morris Hirsch Discuss the Berkeley Vietnam Teach-in
- Part II: Recording of Professor Morris Hirsch (Department of Mathematics) addressing the May 21-23 Berkeley Vietnam Teach-in. Hirsch reads a statement from the Vietnam Day Committee signed by himself, VDC co-chair Professor Stephen Smale (Department of Mathematics) and VDC chair Jerry Rubin
- Listen to this recording (55 min.)Transcript of an excerpt from Burdick interview
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 8 July 1965.
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
Part I: Studio interview with Professor Burdick (a supporter of the Johnson administration's Vietnam policies)
UC Berkeley Professor Aaron Wildavsky, Assistant Professor of Political Science
- Wildavsky was the only speaker at the Teach-In to state unqualified support of the U.S. position in Vietnam. This excerpt from his remarks in the debate with Robert Scheer (see below). "My position is that...American policy is highly moral on every count. The only question is whether we have the will, the resources, the resolve, and the courage to do our duty and stay as we should."
- Listen to an excerpt from Wildavsky's talk (5:27 min.)
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 1965. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
Robert Scheer
- Scheer was the Foreign Editor of Ramparts Magazine.
- Listen to an excerpt from Scheer's talk (6:03 min.)
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 1965. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
- Lynd was an Assistant Professor of History at Yale and a civil rights, anti-war, and labor activist. "The entire educational world looks back now on those few professors who protested what was happening in Nazi Germany with gratitude. And I predict that someday the entire academic community of this country will look back on the few professors who have publicly protested our Vietnam policy and say, "They kept the spirit of truth alive." [See Also November 11, 1967]
- Listen to an excerpt from Lynd's talk (10:35 min.)
- Originally broadcast on KPFA, 1965. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1965. All rights reserved.
UC Berkeley Faculty Debate on Vietnam (1965)
- Part I: Dr. Franz Schurmann (Department of Sociology), Robert Scalapino (Chair, Department of Political Science)
- Part II: William Bundy (co-author of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution; foreign policy advisor to Lyndon Johnson), and Edmund Clubb (United States Foreign Service).
- Part I: Listen to this recording (1hr)
- Part II: Listen to this recording (52 min.)
May 12, 1965: The California State Senate's Byrne Committee releases another report calling the Berkeley campus a haven for communists. Candidate for California governor, Ronald Reagan, announces that if elected governor, he will appoint former CIA Director John McCone to investigate the campus unrest at UC Berkeley. [NYT, 5/22/65; LAT, 5/22/65]
Discussion of the Byrne Committee in "Intellectual life, civil libertarian issues, and the student movement at the University of California, Berkeley, 1960-1969 : oral history transcript / 2000" [via Internet Archive] June 16, 1965: A planned anti-war march on the Pentagon turns into a five-hour teach-in on the Pentagon steps and inside of the facility. In two days, more than 50,000 leaflets are distributed without interference at the entrances and inside the building. ( BBC War/Protest Timeline)[NYT, 6/17/65]
July 1965: Several years before Martin Luther King publicly opposes the war (See March 25, 1965), the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party circulates a leaflet entitled "The War on Vietnam: A McComb, Mississippi, Protest" which outlines "five reasons why Negroes should not be in any war fighting for America." Among the reasons: "No one has a right to ask us to risk our lives and kill other Colored People in Santo Domingo and Vietnam, so that the White American can get richer. We will be looked upon as traitors by all the Colored People of the world if the Negro people continue to fight and die without a cause." [ Grant, 1968]
July 26, 1965: Mario Savio is handed a 120 day jail sentence for his role in the Free Speech Movement sit-ins in Sproul Hall, December 2-3, 1964. 292 demonstrators are also sentenced. Savio begin his sentence on June 30. 1967. [NYT, 7/27/65 NYT, 7/29/65]
August 1965: Organized by the Vietnam Day Committee, several hundred people try on several occasions to stop troop trains on the Santa Fe railroad tracks in West Berkeley and Emeryville by standing on the tracks. Conservative Alamedia County Board of Supervisors member Joseph Bort says of the events: "The manner in which these people protest is tentamount to treason." Among UC Berkeley faculty, opinions are sharply divided regarding the VDC's tactics. ( Rorabaugh, p. 94; NYT, 8/7/65)
August 12, 1965: Rioting breaks out the predominantly African American neighborhood of Watts, Los Angeles. During the riots, 34 people are killed, 1,100 people are injured, 4,000 people are arrested, and an estimated $100 million in damage is caused. [LAT, 8/12/65]
August 13, 1965: Counterculture newspaper The Berkeley Barb is started by Max Scherr.
At UC Berkeley, a Teach-In on campus is followed by a march on the Oakland Army induction center. "That evening, some 15,000 demonstrators left the campus marching toward Oakland. Marchers include children, grandmothers, and a busload of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters along with college and high school students. The Oakland and Berkeley authorities had refused a parade permit. As the marchers approached the Oakland city limit they could see about 400 Oakland police wearing riot helmets, brandishing special riot weapons, blocking the way. The march stopped less than a hundred yards from the police line. As spectators and a group of about 100 right-wing counterdemonstrators filled the gap between the march and the police, a previously agreed-to subcommittee held a swirling, confused discussion on what to do. ... [After negotiation, the march proceeded to Oakland Civic Center Park , where the teach-in was continued and another march called for the next day." [ Halstead, p. 87; Rorabaugh, pp. 96-97]
The following day (October 16), the marchers return. (About 100 had remained in the park overnight). When the two to five thousand protesters reach the Oakland City line, they are stopped by police. The police ask the protestors to sit down in the street to avoid violent confrontations. Poet Allen Ginsberg chants "Hare Krishna" at the front of the march. The Hell's Angels motorcycle gang appears, rips down banners, and attacks protestors, yelling, "Go back to Russia you fucking communists!" The police attack the Angels. When the Angels threaten to attack the next peace march, Ginsberg, Keasy, and Pranksters subsequently visit the home of Angels president Sonny Barger to discuss the situation and share some LSD with Barger and his friends. By dawn the two groups had chanted together. [ Barlow. Intrepid Trips: "Allen"; LAT, 10/17/65]
Footage from the October 15 Berkeley/Oakland march taken by Harvey Richards (Courtesy of Estuary Press. © Paul Richards, 1991. All rights reserved)
Live report from Oct 15-16 demonstration (6: 39 min.)November 20, 1965: A permit is finally granted to the VDC. On November 20, from 6,000 to 10,000 protestors march to DeFremery Park in Oakland. The day before the march the Angels call a press conference and distribute a news release: "Although we have stated our intention to counter-demonstrate at this despicable un-American activity, we believe that in the interest of public safety and the protection of the good name of Oakland, we would not justify the VDC (Vietnam Day Committee) by our presence ... because our patriotic concern for what these people are doing to a great nation may provoke us into violent acts." [People's Almanac; Rorabaugh, p. 98; NYT, 11/21/65; Wollenberg]
January 7, 1966: Time Magazine names General William Westmoreland "Man of the Year."
May 6, 1966: A California State Senate subcommittee issue a 153 page report that accuses University of California President Clark Kerr for having permitted the infiltration of communists, leading to "left wing domination of the Berkeley campus." According to the New York Times article about the report, the campus portrayed by the five member subcommittee was a "montage of obscene entertainment, marijuana smoking, homosexuality, and plotting, much of it by nonstudents, against the war in Vietnam." [NYT, 5/7/66]
May 13, 1966: Ronald Reagan, candidate for California governor, demands a legislative investigation of alleged Communism and sexual misconduct at UC Berkeley. He blames the political turmoil on the Berkeley campus on "a small group of beatniks, radicals, and filthy speech advocates." [NYT, 5/14/66]
June 29, 1966: US bombers attack fuel storage installations near Hanoi and Haiphong, destroying an estimated 50 percent of Vietnam's fuel supply. These are the first raids in the immediate vacinity of the two cities and constitutes a major escalation in the war. [NYT, 6/30/66]
March 25, 1966: U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Arthur Goldberg receives an honorary degree from UC Berkeley at the campus' annual Charter Day. In his acceptance speech, Goldberg delivers a defense of the Johnson administration's Vietnam policies. The crowd of those attending the ceremonies--around 14,000--is full of anti-war placards bearing slogans such as "Arthur Goldberg, Doctor of War." After the ceremonies, about half the audience moves to Harmon Gymnasium where Goldberg has agreed to discuss the issues with the Faculty Peace Committee. A vote is called for a show of approval or disapproval of the Administration's handling of the war. About 100 vote for approval; 7,000 stand for disapproval. [ Halstead, p. 142; LAT, 3/25/66; NYT, 3/26/66]
A bomb explodes in the Berkeley office of the Vietnam Day Committee, slightly injuring four. The VDC incident is the second bombing of a Bay Area activist organization in two months. A militant faction within the VDC responds by mounting a street demonstration on Telegraph Avenue which is forcibly broken up by Berkeley police. Several are injured. [NYT, 4/10/66;NYT, 4/14/66]
June 30, 1966:Three army privates from Fort Hood, Texas, James Mora, James A. Johnson, and David A. Samas (the "Fort Hood 3"), refuse to ship out to Vietnam on the grounds that the war is "illegal and immoral." In September, the three are court-martialed and sentenced from three to five years hard labor. The sentence is later reduced to a two year term. [NYT, 7/12/66; NYT, 9/10/66]
November 30, 1966: Fifty to 100 students stage a sit-down protest around a Navy recruiter table in the UC Berkeley Student Union. (The VDC, SDS, and other student radical groups had been prohibited by the Berkeley ASUC from setting up tables in the Union). Six protestors (including ex-students Mario Savio and Jerry Rubin) are arrested. [LAT, 12/1/66; NYT, 12/1/66]
UC Berkeley Student Strike 1966
- Recordings of discussions and events related to a sit-in and arrests of students for blocking the Navy recruiting table outside the student store (see November 30).Listen to It (mp3)
- A recording of the meeting held in Pauley Ballroom: The Strike Committee along with the audience decided to initiate a formal, all-out strike. This recording is a portion of the 6 hour deliberations related to this action.
"Just as in 1964 the Free Speech Movement was incited by the power structure's attempt to crack down on the Civil Rights Movement, the present conflict stems from the continuing attempt to crush the anti-war movement in this country. The right of dissent is imperative to the continuance of opposition to American suppression of self-determination in Vietnam, and it is a fundamental right upon which any democratic enterprise must be based." (Vietnam Day Committee statement in support of strike)
Part 1 speakers include Joel Gire (?), Karen Lieberman and Ira Ruskin (re campus administration's refusal to negotiate with groups supporting the strike) Mario Savio, Al Jacobs and Karl Davidson (Students for a Democratic Society), David Harris (student body president, Stanford University), and others.
Part 2 speakers include Professor Robert Moore (Mathematics), Professor Bernard Diamond (Law; Psychiatry), and student speakers.
Listen to Part 1 (45: 45 min)Listen to Part 2 (20: 44 min) - Discussion of the future of UC Berkeley student movements (September 16, 1966)
- Listen to Part 2(33: 12 min)Listen to Part 3 (59: 38 min)Listen to Part 4 (19: 31 min)
- Recording courtesy of Lynne Hollander and Michael Rossman.
- Be-in photographs by Larry KeenanHaight-Ashbury in the 1960s
- Photos of MLK at the March 25 Chicago anti-war March (JoFreeman.com)
- Note: Question and answer portion in part 4 is poorly recorded
Listen to Part 1(36: 15 min)October 10, 1966: The first of many university campus protests against the presence of recruiters for Dow Chemical (manufacturers of napalm) takes place at UC Berkeley.
July 30, 1967: A Gallup poll reports that 52% of the American people disapprove of President Johnson's handling of the war; 41% think that the US made a mistake in sending troops to Vietnam; over 56% think that US is losing the war or at an impasse. [ Bowman, p. 108]
December 31, 1967: US military personnel in Vietnam totals over 500,000. In 1967, 9353 American troops were killed; 99,742 troops were wounded. Since Februrary 1965, the US and South Vietnam have dropped more than 1.5 million tons of bombs on North and South Vietnam. [ Bowman, p. 82]
1967: A group of American independent filmmakers and photographers forms a collective in NY to document and chronicle politically significant events of the time. The films, often roughly shot and bearing no individual credits, focus particularly on political demonstrations, acts of political resistance, and what the filmmakers considered to be abuses of governmental power, both in the US and globally. The group calls itself simply Newsreel. The organizational idea eventually spread to other cities including Boston and San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
For a sampling of Newsreel clips seeJanuary 1, 1967: In an article written for the Chicago Defender, Martin Luther King, Jr. openly expresses support for the antiwar movement on moral grounds ("War is obsolete. No nation wins a war). [ Chicago Defender, 1/1/67]
January 14, 1967: The first "Human Be-In" (aka "A Gathering of the Tribes") is held in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. The event is a prelude to the San Francisco "Summer of Love", which made the Haight-Ashbury district a household word as the center of an American counterculture and introduced the word 'psychedelic' to Suburbia. Participants in the event, which drew over 30,000 celebrants, include Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, Richard (Ram Dass) Alpert, Dick Gregory, Lenore Kandel, and Jerry Ruben. The Grateful Dead, Quicksilver Messenger Service and others bands provided the sound track..
Be-in photographs by Lisa LawMarch 25, 1967: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 5,000 people down State Street in Chicago to protest the war in Viet Nam--the first anti-war march in which Dr. King had participated.
April 4, 1967: Martin Luther King delivers his "Beyond Vietnam" speech at a meeting of Clergy and Laity Concerned at Riverside Church in New York City.
Audio and Text of the "Beyond Vietnam" speechMLK, A Call to Conscience Documentary about the "Beyond Vietnam" speech. DVD X3771 In San Francisco, 100,000 people march from Second and Market Streets to Kezar Stadium at Golden Gate Park. Vietnam veteran David Duncan gave the keynote speech. Afternoon performers include: Judy Collins, Big Brother & The Holding Company, Quicksilver Messenger Service. Also appearances from Julian Bond, Eldridge Cleaver, Morris Evenson, Rabbi Abraham Feinberg, David Harris, and Mrs. Martin Luther King, actor Robert Vaughn, and Robert Scheer, editor of Ramparts Magazine. [LAT, 4/15/67]
Footage from the April 15 San Francisco march taken by Harvey Richards (Courtesy of Estuary Press. © Paul Richards, 1991. All rights reserved)
Newsreel of the April 15 march in New York and San Francisco; demonstrations in Rome, Italy. (Courtesy of Internet Movie Archive. Public Domain
- Photo April 15 march in San Francisco (AP Photo)Photo April 15, 1967 march in San Francisco (AP Photo)Photo April 15, 1967 march in San Francisco (AP Photo)
April 28, 1967: Boxing champion Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay) refuses induction into the armed forces, citing religious reasons. He tells reporters that "I ain't got no quarrel with them Vietcong." He would also later comment "I've no beef with the Vietcong. No Vietcong ever called me nigger." Ali receives a five year prison sentence (reversed by the Supreme Court in June 1971 [NYT 6/29/71]. The World Boxing Association revokes his title and license. [ NYT, 4/29/67]
April 30, 1967: King delivers a sermon entitled "Why I Am Opposed to the War in Vietnam" at Riverside Church in New York.
May 1967: A Gallup poll of US students indicates that 49% of the respondants consider themselves "hawks" (in favor of the war) and 35% consider themselves "doves" (opposed to the war); the balance have no opinion. [LAT, 5/28/67]
May 31, 1967: 600 facaulty members at California colleges and universities, including 138 faculty and staff at UC Berkeley, sign a "declaration of conscience" in which they pledge "full and active support" to "all who determine that they will not participate in this war." [LAT, 5/31/67]
Summer 1967: Racial tensions escalate into full-scale urban riots in Detroit, Newark (NJ), New York; Cleveland, Washington, D.C., Chicago, and Atlanta.
June 1967: Six Vietnam veterans, including Jan "Barry" Crumb, Mark Donnelly, and David Braum, who had march together at the Spring Mobilization to end the War, found the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)to both protest the war and fight for veterans' rights. At the height of its effectiveness in the late 1960s, VVAW claims over 40,000 members. VVAW participated in and organized antiwar demonstrations, public education efforts, militant actions, and public hearings. (See Also: Winter Soldier Investigations)
October 16-20, 1967: Stop the Draft Week organizers lead 3000 marchers to the Oakland Army Induction Center on October 16, 1967. The sitting protesters force draftees to climb over them in order to get inside the building. As inductees enter protesters hand them leaflets, ask them to change their minds and to refuse induction and join the protest. When marchers refuse police orders to leave, police attack them with nightsticks, injuring 20. Forty demonstrators are arrested, including the folk singer Joan Baez.
On the second day, demonstrators return to the induction center; 97 are arrested. On the third day, 10,000 protesters arrive, this time retreating in orderly fashion but also successfully blocking streets as they depart. On Friday the 20th there are large-scale confrontations with police as the protesters use "mobile tactics" and fight back. Seven activists (Reese Eherlich, Terence Cannon, Mike Smith, Steve Hamilton, Bob Mandel, Jeff Segal, Frank Bardacke) - the Oakland Seven - are charged with conspiracy following the demonstration, they are all acquitted on March 28, 1969. [See also January 26, 1968][NYT,10/18/67; LAT 10/21/67; Rorabaugh, pp: 116-120]
- BBC - On This Day (October 20, 1967)(includes brief video clip)
BBC - On This Day (October 16, 1967) (includes brief video clip)October 1967: The University of Wisconsin-Madison chapter of the SDS organizes a demonstration against Dow Chemical recruiting. Activists lead several hundred students into the university's Commerce building where Dow was recruiting. University administrators call in the police, who attack the demonstrators, breaking windows and hauling students out through the broken glass. [ Bailey, 2003]
In writing about the assembled crowd, novelist Norman Mailer commented that they looked "like the legions of Sgt. Pepper's Band...assembled from all the intersections between history and the comic books, between legend and television, the Biblical archetypes and the movies." [ Mailer, pp. 108-109]
Senator John Stennis (D-Miss) comments about the Pentagon march: "It is clear from the evidence that I have that this is a part of a move by the Communists, especially of North Vietnamese government, to divide the American people, disrupt our war effort, discredit our government before the entire world. The leaders of North Vietnam consider the March on the Pentagon tomorrow as much of their war effort as the guerrilla warfare in South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese army assaulting our troops on the battlefield. Those who participate in these demonstrations tomorrow will be, in effect, cooperating with and assisting our enemy." [ Vietnam: A Television History - Homefront USA (PBS)]
- (Courtesy of
View clip from 1967 Pentagon march (Newsreel, 1967)Roz Payne Archives)
Senator Eugene McCarthy at UC Berkeley, 1967- Speech calling for a rejection of President Johnson and his support of the vietnam War. In November 1967, McCarthy would announce his Democratic Party candidacy for the US presidency.
Listen to this recording (43 min.)November 11, 1967: The Vietnamese National Liberation Front (Vietcong) hand three US war prisoners over to a deligation headed by anti-war activist Tom Hayden in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. [LAT, 11/11/67] In December 1965, Hayden, along with professors Staughton Lynd (Yale) and Herbert Aptheker (American Institute for Maxist Studies) had made a private trip to Hanoi on a "fact finding mission." The junket was made without State Department approval. [LAT, 12/28/65] The effort is subsequently severely criticized by the SDS as "frivolous". [LAT, 1/2/66] [See also: New Left Travellers, 1968]
November 30, 1967: Senator Eugene McCarthy officially enters the race for the Democratic presidential nomination, running on an antiwar platform.
December 4, 1967: An estimated 500 people gather at the San Francisco Federal Building to protest the draft. 88 draft cards are collected and destroyed.
Hoffman along with Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman were to become to most outlandish and well-known Yippie spokesmen. The Yippies would become infamous for political and media pranks, such as running a pig ("Pigasus the Immortal") for candidate for President in 1968. [See also: Chicago 8] In January 1968, the Yippies issue a "Statement from Yip" urguing activists to come to the Chicago Democratic convention. [ Linder]
Yippie publicity film © unknown
January 21, 1968: North Vietnamese troops surround the Khe Sanh combat base and begin a seventy-seven day siege of the 6,000 U.S. Marines stationed there. [LAT, 1/25/68; LAT, 1/28/68]
January 30, 1968: North Vietnamese launch what has become known as the Tet Offensive. During Vietnamese New Years, NLF forces strike the six major cities in the South, including Saigon, where they take the American Embassy. US and South Vietnamese troops eventually succeed in repelling the NLF, but the psychological and political impact in the US is tremendous. [NYT, 1/1/68; NYT, 1/31/68]
February 1, 1968: Richard Nixon enters the race for the Republican nomination for President.
A suspected NLF officer is summarily executed by General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. Loan shoots the suspect in the head on a public street in front of journalists. The execution is both filmed and photographed (most notably by photographer Eddie Adams), and provides one of the iconic images that eventually helped sway public opinion in the United States against the war.
Cronkite CBS editorial after Tet - included in The Vietnam War with Walter Cronkite: Volume 1. [videorecording] DVD 2401- The My Lai Courts-MartialMurder in the Name of War (BBC)Transcript of telephone conversation between Henry Kissinger (Secretary of State) and Melvin Laird (Secretary of Defense) regarding My Lai (November 9, 1969) (this document also available via the National Security Archive)
Vietnam Online
View video clips of events during the Calley courts martialMy Lai, Lt. Calley, and Public Opinion
March 25-26, 1968: By March 1968, Johnson has decided that the size of the U.S. effort in Vietnam has grown as large as could be justified. Prompted by a request from Westmoreland and Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Earle G. Wheeler for 206,000 more men, the president asks his new secretary of defense, Clark Clifford, for a thorough policy review. On March 25-26, Johnson also constitutes an advisory body of current and retired presidential advisors (later known as the "Wise Men"), including generals Omar Bradley and Matthew Ridgway; State Department pundits Dean Acheson, George Ball, and McGeorge Bundy. After two days of deliberation, the group advises Johnson against further troop increases and recommends that the administration seek a negotiated peace. Johnson is furious and fumes: "The establishment bastards have bailed out!" [ Morris, p. 44; Gardner, pp. 451-455; Anderson, Oxford Companion, ]
March 31, 1968: President Johnson delivers a live, evening television address announcing steps to limit the war in Vietnam. He closes the speech by announcing to the American people that he will not seek another term in office, saying, "With America's sons in the fields far away, with America's future under challenge right here at home, with our hopes and the world's hopes for peace in the balance every day, I do not believe that I should devote an hour or a day of my time to any personal partisan causes or to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office--the Presidency of your country. Accordingly, I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President."
Report from Vietnam, March 19, 1968. Reporter Dale Minor.
- "Pacifica reporter Dale Minor has been in Vietnam for the past few weeks, and he has spent much of that time in the First Core area which consists of the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam. The first core, which is sometimes known as I-Corps...includes the cities of Danang, Hue, and Quang Tri, as well as Khe Sanh, Con Thien, Camp Carroll, and Dong Ha, which are all Marine outposts located just below the formerly Demilitarized Zone. Last week, Dale Minor did some travel ling in the First Corps area, and on Saturday he sent us the following report from the American base at Danang." [Program introduction]
- © Pacifica Radio, 1968. All rights reserved.
Listen to this recording (10: 53 min.)Originally broadcast on WBAI, 18 March 1968. Archive # BB1324
April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, where he was to lead a march of sanitation workers protesting against low wages and poor working conditions.
June 5, 1968: Senator Robert Kennedy is assassinated in Los Angeles moments after declaring victory in the California Democratic presidential primary.
September 16, 1968: Perhaps as part of a strategy to capture younger voters, Richard Nixon appears on NBC's popular comedy show "Rowan and Martin's Laugh-in". The show features quickly-paced sketch comedy and a mildly "anti-establishment" viewpoint. Nixon's appearance consists of stiffly uttering one of the show's catch-phrases: "Sock it to me!" The producers offer the same opportunity to Nixon's opponent, Hubert Humphrey, but he declines.
Nixon/Agnew Presidential Campaign Commercials 1968
- Brief television spots for the 1968 Nixon/Agnew campaign addressing law and order and the Vietnam war.
January 5 1968: A damning caricature of President Lyndon B. Johnson appears on the cover of Time Magazine. "Named Time's 1964 Man of the Year because of his remarkable presidential successes, Lyndon Johnson received that distinction again in 1967 for his perceived failures. Violently scorned for escalating the Vietnam War, chastised by African Americans for moving too slowly on civil rights, and hounded in Congress for the costliness of his ambitious domestic programs, Johnson had even been deserted by much of his own Democratic Party. By the end of 1967, his approval rating had plummeted from a peak of 80 percent to 38 percent.
For this portrait, caricaturist David Levine took his inspiration from Shakespeare's tale of King Lear, a man who ran afoul of his children and his own good intentions. In it, the president-cast as a doleful monarch-stands beleaguered by fellow Democrats Senator Robert Kennedy and Representative Wilbur Mills, who connive at eroding his power. Only one member of Johnson's "family" remained loyal: Vice President Hubert Humphrey."
Time Magazine cover, 1/5/68January 5, 1968: A grand jury indicts Dr. Benjamin Spock, 64; the Rev. William Sloane Coffin Jr., 43, Yale chaplain; Michael Ferber, Harvard graduate student; Mitchell Goodman, a writer; and Marcus Raskin, co-director of the Institute for Policy Studies, on charges of encouraging draft evasion. On June 22 Raskin is acquitted and the other four are convicted; their convictions are overturned on appeal in July 1969. In reaction to the announcement of his indictment, Spock public ally announced that he hoped "that 100,000, 200,000 or even 500,000 young Americans either refuse to be drafted or to obey orders if in military service." [See also February 4, 1968][NYT, 1/6/68 ]
January 11, 1968: Hundreds of demonstrators picket the Fairmount Hotel in San Francisco, where Secretary of State Dean Rusk (one of the war's principal architects and apologists) is speaking. Police in riot gear are called in and violently quell the demonstration.
According to Karen Wald, a reporter for the SDS publication New Left Notes, "the fear was too great for any attempt to rescue . . . anyone who was grabbed." The following day, Wald realized, like many of her fellow activists, that this was repression at its most raw. The days were "long gone when you had to be seeking arrest . . . in order to be busted." No longer, she wrote, would the state allow forms of protest it did not agree with. No longer would the state treat those whom it considered dangerous as anything less than dangerous. [ Wald, 1968; NYT, 1/12/68]
January 26, 1968: Rally for the Oakland Seven. Includes speeches by Bobby Seale (Black Panther Party), Bettina Apthecker (Free Speech Movement), Robert Scheer (Managing Editor, Ramparts Magazine), Bob Avakian (Peace & Freedom Party), and John Kelly (Professor of Mathematics, UC Berkeley) [See October 16-20, 1967]
The Activist: Hell no, Nobody Goes: Mike Smith and the Oakland 7 [videorecording] Media Resources Center VIDEO/C 3797John Wells at UC Berkeley Rally, January 1968
- Draft resister and UC Berkeley student John Wells discusses his reasons for refusing to join the Army Reserves as he was ordered.
Dr. Benjamin Spock - Berkeley Community Theater, February 4, 1968
- Introductions by Paul Jacobs.
- Spock is introduced by James Forman, former head of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Forman is introduced by Carlos Marcello, chairman of the Black Caucus of the National Conference for New Politics (NCNP). Listen to Forman's introduction (29 min.)Listen to Spock's talk (29 min.)
Originally broadcast on KPFA, 11 February 1968. Archive # BB1631
- © Pacifica Radio, 1971. All rights reserved.
- Nelson, Jack. The Orangeburg massacre [Macon, Ga.] : Mercer, c1984. (ED-P: F279.O6 N4 1984; MAIN: F279.O6 N4 1984 (Storage Info: B 4 147 514)
Orangeburg Massacre webisteMarch 15-17, 1968: Official founding convention of the Peace and Freedom Party, which runs an energetic 1968 campaign in many states with Black Panther leader Eldridge Cleaver as candidate for President. Cleaver is on the ballot in over 19 states and gets 200,000 votes.
- (Courtesy of
View clip from 1968 Columbia revolt (Newsreel, 1968)Roz Payne Archives)
May 3, 1968: General student and worker uprisings in Paris and other cities in France. Police are called into the Sorbonne University to quell demonstrations of left-wing students over right-wing threats and to demand greater academic and social freedom. (Protests against the Vietnamese war also figure in these demonstrations). A strike and demonstration called for May 6 leads to large-scale street fighting. Polls show 80% of Parisians support the students. Police continue to occupy the Sorbonne and protests continue, culminating on May 10th and 11th in "the night of the barricades." Street battles fill Paris and are broadcast nationally live over the radio. On Monday May 13 there is a one-day general strike and demonstration of a million people. Three days later there is spontaneous general strike in which two million workers walk out. By May 19th over 9 million workers participate in the strike. In several areas organization of services and general administration passes into the hands of self-organized committees. [NYT, 5/5/68, NYT, 5/12/68; LAT, 5/19/68]
May 17, 1968: Nine Catholic activists (The Catonsville 9), including Father Daniel Berrigan and his brother Father Phillip Berrigan, enter a draft board in Catonsville, Maryland and remove draft files of those who were about to be sent to Vietnam. They take these files outside and burned them with home-made napalm. They then await their arrest by authorities. The trial of the Catonsville Nine begin on Monday, October 8, 1968. Berrigan is sentenced to three years in prison, but he refuses to serve his time. Instead, he goes underground, sheltered by the anti-war activist community. Eventually, the FBI manages to find and arrest Berrigan. He is released from prison in 1972. [NYT, 5/18/68; NYT, 10/8/68; Clancy, 1993]
- Trial of the Catonsville 9. [sound recording] Dramatization of trial. Media Resources Center SOUND/C 352Fire and Faith: The Catonsville Nine File (via The Enoch Pratt Free Library)
Statement of Daniel Barrigan at his trialMay 17, 1968: Students and faculty against the war hold a "Vietnam Commencement" at UC Berkeley. The rally was originally been planned for the campus Greek Theater, but it was banned by the UC Regents under the pressure of Governor Ronald Reagan.
The San Francisco Chronicle (May 17,1968)reports: "Governor Reagan, in a letter dated May 10 to Theodore R. Meyer, chairman of the Board of Regents, declared the proposed exercises 'in violation of Regents' policy; and demanded that the ceremonies be cancelled. ... Reagan reiterated that such a ceremony 'would be so indecent as to border on the obscene'. ... He called upon the University administration to ban the ceremonies on any part of the UC campus; to revoke the registration of the campus draft opposition organization, and to institute disciplinary action against faculty members who have been aiding the draft resisters." Reagan subsequently comments that even if the assembly is legal, it is "still beneath contempt." He contends that only thing saving the demonstrators from being guilty of treason is the lack of a formal US declaration of war on North Vietnam.
The Commencement takes place in Sproul Plaza instead. 866 UC Berkeley seniors and graduate students sign an oath and affirm it publicly before the assembled group: "Our war in Vietnam is unjust and immoral. As long as the United States is involved in this war I will not serve in the armed forces." The program includes the mother of imprisoned Ronald Lockman, an African-American soldier who refused shipment to Vietnam, and the sister of another jailed draft resister, John Wells [LAT, 5/18/68; Wofsy, 2001][See also January 1968 address by Wells)
David Harris and Joan Baez
- Baez sings and Harris speaks at a program held at Glide Memorial Church, San Francisco twelve days before Harris' imprisonment for draft resistance,
August 23-28, 1968: The Democratic National Convention opens in Chicago. Anti-war demonstrators and Yippies protest throughout the convention, clashing with police all around the convention center, in the streets and at Grant Park. Mayor Richard J. Daley takes a particularly hard line against the protesters, refusing permits for rallies and marches, and calling for whatever use of force necessary to subdue the crowds. When Senator Abraham Ribicoff delivers a speech nominating George McGovern for President (the anti-war candidate), he infuriates Daley by saying, "with George McGovern as President of the United States, we wouldn't have Gestapo tactics in the streets of Chicago."
Some of the more famous protesters, including Abbie Hoffman, Tom Hayden, and Dave Dellinger, part of a group collectively known as the "Chicago 8"--later "Chicago 7", are eventually charged with and tried for conspiracy in connection with the events in Chicago. (See March 20, 1969)
The Walker Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, commissioned to investigate the confrontations in Chicago, pins much of the blame for the violence in the streets on the police, calling the events a "police riot."
- Chicago '68: A ChronologyChicago 1968 (American Experience) [videorecording] Media Resources Center VIDEO/C 4851Chicago Convention Challenge [videorecording] Media Resources Center VIDEO/C 5575
"Confrontation at the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago." [JoFreeman.com]New Left Travellers: Vietnam and Cuba: October 18, 1968:
- A panel discussion on the UC Berkeley campus sponsored by the Oakland 7 [See October 16-20, 1967] concerning the trips made to Cuba and Vietnam by New Left activists. Panelists: George Murray (Minister of Education, Black Panther Party), Reese Erlich (SDS), Tom Hayden (SDS), and Anne (Anna) Scheer (Women's Liberation Movement). Bob Mandel (one of the Oakland 7) is moderator. Panelists are asked to discuss "how Cubans and Vietnamese perceive the Left Wing movements in the U.S., and how thier own perspectives on the U.S. have changed as a result of their trips".
- Listen to this recording (Part 1) (66 min.)Listen to this recording (Part 2)(27:44 min.)
Yippie Rally at UC Berkeley, October 30, 1968:
- Coverage of a rally sponsored by the "Committee on Public Safety" ("a group of 30 people...who have gotten together at the beginning of the summer because they wanted to work on a police initiative about controlling the pigs...") in collaboration with the Youth Party International (Yippies) in 1968. Discussion of the current election race of Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey, the political situation and radical politics. Speakers include Eldridge Cleaver, Tom Hayden and Jerry Rubin.
- Originally broadcast on KPFA, 30 October 1968. Archive # ?
- © Pacifica Radio, 1968. All rights reserved.
November 6, 1968: In one of the most high-profile student actions of the 1960s, students at San Francisco State University go on strike, shutting down the campus for six months. University president S.I. Hayakawa calls in the police, who bust heads and arrest hundreds in an attempt to restore control of the campus. But the strike does not end until the school accedes to student demands and creates the first ethnic studies department at an American university.
- The San Francisco State College Strike
- San Francisco State on Strike [videorecording]
Media Resources Center DVD 3044
Is Draft Resistance the Answer, UC Berkeley, November 9, 1968
- David Harris, Joan Baez, and Ira Spandperl address a meeting in Wheeler Hall, UC Berkeley regarding the need for draft resistance in order to help end US involvement in Vietnam.
- © Pacifica Radio, 1971. All rights reserved.
Listen to this recording (106 min.)Originally broadcast on KPFA, 15 November 1968. Archive # BB1766b
Transcript of telephone conversation between Henry Kissinger (Secretary of State) and Richard Nixon regarding the bombing of Cambodia (this document also available via the National Security Archive)January 1, 1969: Ralph David Abernathy: Nixon Administration and the Vietnam War
- Ralph Abernathy, civil rights leader and president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference(a position he assumed after Martin Luther King's death), addresses an outdoor rally in San Francisco concerning the war and US imperialism. "We have a national administration that has had sufficient time to set a new direction and to articulate a new sense of purpose for this nation. But today, we must all admit that Richard Milhouse Nixon has failed to move this country forward and to move this country out of Vietnam. So I say to you today that you and I must move Richard Milhouse Nixon."
- Part 2 (5:11 min.)
- Recordings courtesy of The Freedom Archives
Listen to Abernathy SpeechPart 1 (20:21 min.)January 4, 1969: San Francisco State University president S.I. Hayakawa bans speeches, marches, rallies, and other "disruptive events" on central campus, and threatens to arrest students who participate in protests. [Washington Post, 1/5/69]
March 20, 1969: Eight organizers of the demonstrations at the Chicago Democratic Convention (The Chicago 8: Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, David Dellinger, Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, John Froines, Lee Weiner, and Bobby Seale)are indicted by a grand jury on charges of conspiracy and inciting to riot.
The trial began on September 24, 1969. The defendants are represented by William Kunstler and Leonard Weinglass of the Center for Constitutional Rights. The judge was Julius Hoffman. Outside the courthouse, 2000 protesters skirmish with Federal Marshalls. On October 9, the United States National Guard is called in for crowd control as demonstrations grew outside the courtroom. [LAT, 9/25/69]
Early in the course of the trial, Black Panther activist Seale hurls bitter attacks at Judge Hoffman in court, calling him a "fascist dog," a "pig," and a "racist." On October 29, the outraged judge orders Seale bound and gagged in the courtroom. On November 4, thirty Chicago lawyers, claiming that Hoffman had returned Seale to his "pre-Emancipation chains," petitioned the U.S. District Court to halt the trial. Ultimately Judge Hoffman severs Seale from the case and sentences him to four years in prison for contempt. [NYT, 10/30/69; NYT, 10/31/69; NYT, 11/6/69] [See also: February 14-15, 1970 - conclusion of trial]
- R.G. Davis interview with the Chicago 7 (1970)
(© R.G. Davis, 1970. All rights reserved)
View These Video Clips- (Courtesy of
Demonstations at the Chicago 8 trial (Newsreel, 1968)Roz Payne Archives)
In early May, UC Berkeley administrators decide to reclaim the land, and on May 15, 250 Berkeley police and California Highway Patrol officers are called in to enforce this edict. The park is bulldozed, and a large chain-link fence is erected. As construction the fence began, a crowd of 6000 moved towards the park after rallying at nearby Sproul Plaza. Police fired tear gas at the approaching crowd. Protesters threw rocks and bottles. Sheriff Deputies retaliated with double-0 buckshot, blinding one man (Alan Blanshard) and killing another (James Rector). That evening, California Governor Ronald Reagan calls in the National Guard and the California State Highway Patrol to restore order. Reagan is quoted on May 15, 1969 in the San Francisco Chronicle as saying "If there has to be a bloodbath, then let's get it over with."
On May 20, National Guard helicopters tear-gas a peaceful demonstration on Sproul Plaza, setting off several days of rioting and confrontation by Berkeley's students and citizens. National Guard continues to occupy Berkeley until all protesters are subdued and/or incarcerated. [ Rorabaugh, pp: 156-166]
- (Courtesy of
View clip from People's Park (Newsreel, 1969)Roz Payne Archives)
- Photo of People's Park confrontation (May 19) (AP Photo)Photo of People's Park confrontation (May 22) (AP Photo)Other photos of People's Park (via peoplespark.org) http://www.peoplespark.org/69gall1.htmlMore information and photos of People's Park
Photo of People's Park confrontation (May 16, 1969) (AP Photo)May 26, 1969: Newly-weds John Lennon and Yoko Ono move into a suite in the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Canada. For the next seven days they hold a "Bed-in For Peace" during which they invite the media, celebrities, and sundry hangers-on to listen to their ideas and concerns for world peace. During this time they record the song "Give Peace a Chance."
June 18-22, 1969: The Students for a Democratic Society holds its national convention in Chicago. Two factions within SDS--The Revolutionary Youth Movement (RLM)and the Progressive Labor Pary--vie for leadership of the organization. The RYM, led by Bill Ayers, Mark Rudd, Bernadine Dorhn, and others, eventually breaks with the SDS and becomes a new group, The Weathmen. The name of the group was taken from a line in Bob Dylan's song "Subterranean Homesick Blues," which was quoted in an influential article that had appeared earlier in the SDS newsleter ( New Left Notes). The name was adopted to imply that the wind was blowing in the direction of political and social revolution. [NYT, 6/22/69]
From October 6-11, 1969, the Weathermen hold a tactical action in Chicago that it calls "The Days of Rage." On Monday, 6 October, just before midnight, members of the Weathermen blow up a monument to policemen in Chicago's Haymarket Square. Several days later, about 300 people gather in Lincoln Park. After a few incendiary speeches, the demonstrators run into the streets of Chicago as a mob. One person throws a rock through a bank window, which instigates mass destruction of property. "One pedestrian, observing the chaos, yelled to the mob "I don't know what your cause is, but you've just set it back a hundred years." Dave Dellinger, who had provided a safe house for members of the Weathermen, hadn't known what was coming. He described himself as 'a disgusted observer'. The battle lasts about an hour. By the time it was over, six members of the Weathermen had been shot, nearly 70 had been arrested and an unknown number were injured. [War and Protest- the US in Vietnam (1969 - 1970)] [NYT, 10/9/69; NYT, 10/10/69]
In late December 1969, the Weathermen hold a meeting in Flint, Michigan, where the group decides to go underground', and thereafter commit clandestine terrorist attacks within the United States. At this point, the group changes their name to the Weather Underground Organization (WUO). [See also March 10, 1970]
Cover of June 27, 1969 Life MagazineJuly 7, 1969: Dave Dellinger flies to Paris on the invitation of the North Vietnamese delegation to the US/Vietnamese peace talks, flies to Paris to arrange for the release of three US prisoners being held in Hanoi. Dellinger was allowed a visa by the State Department despite his 1968 Federal indictment as a member of the Chicago 7 [See March 20, 1969]. The three prisoners are released on August 4. [NYT, 7/9/69; NYT, 8/5/69]
August 15-17, 1969: Woodstock Music & Art Fair takes place in Bethel, New York. The concert attracts between 300,000 and 500,000 (dependening on whose accounts you believe). Although politics remain in the background at the concert, Vietnam is obviously "in the air" (along with copious amounts of marijuana smoke). Among the performers is Berkeley folksinger and activist "Country" Joe MacDonald, whose song "I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-to-Die Rag" has become an anti-war anthem. Jimmy Hendrix plays a blistering instrumental rendition of "The Star Spangled Banner", complete with devastating air raid effects. During a performance of the rock group The Who, Abbie Hoffman seizes the microphone and attempts to make a political speech. Who guitarist Pete Townshend yells "Fuck off! Get the fuck off my fucking stage!" and stikes Hoffman with his guitar, sending him tumbling offstage.
Listen to Abbie and Pete mixing it up The reference is to John Sinclair, booking agent for the incendiary Detroit rock band MC5 and founder of the White Panther Party who got ten years in prison for possession of two marijuana joints. [See Also Sinclair Papers, University of Michegan]
Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music[videorecording] Media Resources Center DVD X1881The day before the Moratorium, Henry Kissinger reads Nixon a transcript of a Hanoi radio broadcast by the new North Vietnamese Premier, Pham Van Dong. In the broadcast, addressed to "Dear American Friends", Pham said: "This fall large sections of the American people, encouraged and supported by many peace-and-justice-loving American personages, are launching a broad and powerful offensive throughout the United States to demand that the Nixon Administration put an end to the Vietnam aggressive war and immediately bring all American troops home..." Nixon immediately sends Vice President Agnew before the press to demand that the leaders and sponsors of the Moratorium repudiate the support of a regime that "has on its hands the blood of forty thousand Americans." Not surprisingingly the Moritorium leaders refuse. [LAT, 10/15/69;LAT, 10/15/69b; Nixon, p. 401-2; Zaroulis and Sullivan]
Speaking at a college fund raising dinner, California Governor Ronald Reagan blasted the Moratorium marchers by saying, "Parades are held in the name of peace, but some of those who march carry the flag of a nation that has killed nearly 40,000 of our young men. We have a right to believe that at least some of those who arrange the parades are less concerned with peace than with lending comfort and aid to the enemy." [LAT, 10/15/69a]
Vietnam Moratorium Rally, UC Berkeley, October 15, 1969
- Noon rally, Lower Sproul Plaza. Includes speeches by Fanny Lou Hamer, Ron Dellums (Berkeley City Council), Joe Cole (one of Fort Jackson Eight/GIs United Against the War in Vietnam [see NYT, 4/23/69; Halstead, 1970]), and Dan Siegel (UC Berkeley Student Body President).
- Listen to this recording (43 min.)
November 15, 1969: More than 250,000 protesters gather in Washington, D.C., in the largest anti-war demonstration to occur during the Vietnam war. [LAT, 11/15/69; LAT, 11/16/69]
"The organizers of this demonstration had received praise from Pham Van Dong, Prime Minister of North Vietnam. In a letter to the organizers, Dong said '... may your fall offensive succeed splendidly'. This was the first time that the government of North Vietnam publicly acknowledged the American anti-war movement. Dong's comments enraged American conservatives, including Vice President Spiro Agnew." (who would characterize the anti-war movement and its supporters as an "effete core of impudent snobs" (see May 22, 1970) [from War and Protest - the US in Vietnam (1969 - 1970)]
- News Clip 82nd Airborne troops arriving at Moritorium (WGBH Open Vault)
News Clip of crowd singing "Give Peace a Chance" led by folksinger Pete Seeger (WGBH Open Vault)- Text of Nixon's address (also available at http://www.mekong.net/cambodia/nixon430.htm)
Listen to Richard Nixon's address to the nation regarding the Cambodian invasionMay 22, 1970: In an address on the Vietnam war to a Republican dinner in Houston, Texas, Vice President Spiro Agnew lambasts student movements and the "impudent core of effete snobs who characterize themselves as intellectuals."
Several months earlier, Agnew had delivered another speech at a Republican fund-raising dinner in St. Louis in which he said: "Senator [William] Fulbright said some months ago that if the Vietnam War went on much longer the 'best of our young people' would be in Canada. Let Senator Fulbright go prospecting for his future party leaders in the deserters' dens of Canada and Sweden; we Republicans shall look elsewhere." [NYT, 2/11/70]
- View an except from Agnew's "impudent snobs" speechTranscript of an excerpt from Agnew's "impudent snob" speech Listen to an except from Agnew's "deserters' dens" speech
Listen to an except from Agnew's "impudent snob" speechSomething's In the Air
February - December, 1970: The Weather Underground is either accused of or takes credit for a series of bombings across the country: 13 February 1970: two bombs explode in the parking lot of the Berkeley police stationhouse, inuring three officers, one seriously [NYT, 2/18/70]; 17 February 1970: San Francisco police stationhouse is bombed, seriously injuring a police sargeant [NYT, 2/18/70]; 9 June 1970: The New York City Police Headquarters is bombed in response to what the Weathermen call "police repression" [NYT, 6/10/70]; 27 July 1970: The Presidio Army Base in San Francisco is bombed to mark the 11th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution. [NYT, 7/27/70]; 8 October 1970: Bombing of Marin County Courthouse in retaliation for the killing of Jonathan Jackson, William Christmas, and James McClain. [NYT, 8/10/70] On the same day a bomb blast damages an armory in Santa Barbara, California, and a bomb is discovered and disarmed on the Berkeley campus; 14 October 1970: The Harvard Center for International Affairs is bombed [NYT, 10/14/70]
February 14-15, 1970: After numerous courtroom outburst, Judge Julius Hoffman sentences four Chicago 7 defendants to lengthy prison terms for contempt of court. As the jury continues to deliberate, defense attorneys William Kunstler and Leonard Wineglass, along with three more defendants, are sentenced to prison for contempt of court. [NYT, 2/15/70; NYT 2/16/70]
In Berkeley, crowds assemble to protest the contempt sentences given to the Chicago 7 attorneys. After the meeting, the crowd marches to the University, breaking the windows of 60 businesses along the way. 15 are arrested and 9 injured. [NYT, 2/18/70]
On April 18, an attempt is made to burn down another a Bank of America building; four students are wounded by police buckshot. Kevin Moran, a UCSB student who had attempted to disuade the crowd from using violence, is shot and killed by a Santa Barbara police officer.
In a press conference following the event, Ronald Reagan tearfully says, "It isn't very important where the bullet came from. The bullet was sent on its way several years ago when a certain element in our society decided it could take the law into its own hands." [LAT, 4/21/70; LAT, 4/22/70]
On June 4th, students angered by the indictment of 17 (4 UCSB students and 13 local youths) in the February 25th riots, attempt to burn down the rebuilt Isla Vista branch Bank of America. Street battles with police continue over the next several days. 667 people had been arrested. [NYT, 6/8/70]
After the incident, Wilkerson, Boudin, Bernadine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and other members go underground, where they and others co-write and publish the book Prairie Fire, participate in a clandestinely filmed documentary, and continue to direct bombings. In 1970 Bernadine Dohrn is put on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list.
May 1, 1970: In informal remarks made at a Pentagon briefing, President Nixon condemns campus anti-war protesters: "You see these bums, you know, blowing up the campuses. Listen, the boys that are on the college campuses today are the luckiest people in the world, going to the greatest universities, and here they are burning up the books, I mean storming around about this issue -- I mean you name it -- get rid of the war; there will be another one." [as quoted in Nixon (PBS, 1990); see also Ambrose, p. 348]
Vice President Sprio Agnew's response to the killings is: "Had the rocks not been thrown, there would have been no chance of the killings". [See also Time Magazine, May 11, 1970)
- Listen to Agnew on "rocks and killing"Photo: Mary Ann Vecchio gestures and screams as she kneels by the body of a student lying face down on the campus of Kent State University, Kent, Ohio on May 4, 1970. (AP Photo/John Filo) (AP Photo)
- Information and photographs of the Kent State confrontationMay 4 ArchiveFour Dead in Ohio: 35th Anniversary of Kent State Shootings (audio and transcripts from the radio series Democracy Now)
The Digital Journalist: Eyewitness: Howard Ruffner
View video clips of events after Kent StateOn May 4, 1970, the presidents of 37 universities and colleges urge Nixon in a leter to "demonstrate unequivocally your determination" to end promptly US military intervention in Southeast Asia. "We implore you to consider the incalulable dangers of an unprecedented alienation of America's youth, and to take immediate action to demonstrate unequivocally your determination to end the war quickly." [NYT, 5/5/70]
May 14: Two students at predominantly African American Jackson (Mississippi) State University are killed by police during a protest over civil rights issues and over the events at Kent State.
June 1970: At 7:30 a.m., radio station KPFK (Los Angeles) receives a call from a woman identifying herself as a member of the Weather Underground (Bernadine Dohrn): "Hello. I am going to read a declaration of a state of war. This is the first communication from the Weathermen Underground. The lines are drawn...revolution is touching all of our lives. ...Freaks are revolutionaries, and revolutionaries are freaks. If you want to find us, this is where we are. In every tribe, commune, dormitory, farmhouse, barracks and town house where kids are making love, smoking dope and loading guns. Fugitives from American justice are free to go. ...Within the next 14 days we will attack a symbol or institution of American injustice."
- Text of the "Declaration of War"Listen to Bernadine Dohrn reading Weatherman Underground Communication 5
Recordings courtesy of The Freedom Archives
Listen to Bernadine Dohrn reading the Weatherman Underground "Declaration of War" (Weatherman Underground Communication 1On June 7, shortly after this "Declaration of War", a bomb rips through police headquartes in New York City. [NYT, 6/10/70]
June 13, 1970: President Nixon establishes The President's Commission on Campus Unrest. The Commission holds 13 days of public hearings in Jackson, Mississippi; Kent State, Ohio; Washington DC and Los Angeles, California. No convictions or arrests of any military or law enforcement officer result from these hearings.
The Report offers the following summary of the events and feelings present among those involved: "The pattern established on Friday night was to recur throughout the weekend: There were disorderly incidents; authorities could not or did not respond in time to apprehend those responsible or to stop the incidents in their early stages; the disorder grew; the police action, when it came, involved bystanders as well as participants; and, finally, the students drew together in the conviction that they were being arbitrarily harassed." [LAT, 6/14/70][ Report, 1970]
June 15, 1970: The Supreme Court ( Welsh v. United States ) removes the religious requirement and allowed objection based on a deeply held and coherent ethical system with no reference to a Supreme Being. In 1971 the Supreme Court would refuse to allow objection to a particular war ( Gillette v. United States). [NYT, 3/9/71]
August 24, 1970: A bomb rips through the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin, killing a post-graduate student, Robert Fassnact, and injuring four others. A radical "guerilla" group calling itself "The New Year's Gang" takes credit for the bombing. [NYT, 8/25/70; NYT, 8/28/70; Bates, 1992]
1971: Jane Fonda, actor Donald Sutherland, musician Holly Near, and writer and comedian Paul Mooney organize the group known as F.T.A. (also known variously as Fuck the Army or Free the Army). The groups is an antiwar road show designed as an answer to Bob Hope's USO tour. The tour, referred to as "political vaudeville" by Fonda, visits military towns along the West Coast. The goup helps set up coffee houses and performs it work with the goal of establishing a dialog with soldiers regarding their participation in the war.
1971: The Weather Underground is either accused of or takes credit for a series of bombings across the country: March 1, 1971: A bomb is detonated in a toilet in the Senate wing of the Capitol building in Washington, D.C. The explosion is accompanied by a letter explaining that the act was taken in retaliation for Nixon's escalation of the war into Laos. Nixon denounces the bombing as a "shocking act of violence that will outrage all Americans." [LAT, 3/1/71];
- Winter Soldier (via Wikipedia)Winter Soldier [videorecording] DVD 4949
Full transcript of the Winter Soldier Investigation, January 31, 1971, February 1 and 2, 1971April 19-23, 1971: Vietnam Veterans Against the War Dewey Canyon III march. Led by Gold Star Mothers (mothers of soldiers killed in Vietnam), more than 1100 veterans march across the Lincoln Memorial Bridge to the Arlington Cemetery gate, just beneath the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. A memorial service for their peers is conducted by Reverend Jackson H. Day, who had just a few days earlier resigned his military chaplainship. On April 23, the demonstration ends with some 1000 veterans throwing their combat ribbons, helmets, uniforms, and toy guns at the Capitol steps. [NYT, 4/19/71; NYT, 4/24/71]July 1971: "Unsell the War:, an anti-Vietnam ad featuring John Kerry and disabled Marine Corps vet Bobby Muller is aired on national television.View it (WGBH Open Vault) (Hall, 2007)John Kerry - Senate Testimony, April 22, 1971
- After returning from the Vietnam War, John Kerry became a prominent critic of the war. He testified before the Senate in 1971 and told of atrocities being committed by U.S. troops. He called for the immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops. And he asked: "How do you ask a man to be the last man to die in Vietnam? How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?"
- Photo of John Kerry during his Winter Soldier testimonyListen to this recording (35 min.)
April 24, 1971: Massive anti-war rally of around 200,000 people is held on the Mall in Washington, D.C. In San Francisco, around 156,000 march--the largest such rally to date on the West Coast. Part way through ending rally in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, a group of militant Chicanos seize the microphone and charge that the peace movement is "a conspiracy to quench the revolution." [LAT, 4/24/71; LAT, 4/24/71;LAT, 4/25/71; NYT, 4/25/71]
May 28-31, 1971, 1971: "On Memorial Day Weekend of that year, the Vietnam Veterans Against the War, again led by John Kerry, decided to create another visual, symbolic protest against the Vietnam War by retracing the April 19, 1775, route taken by Paul Rever from Boston to Concord (actually, Revere made it only to the outskirts of Lexington) - but the veterans were going to do it in reverse. They spent their first night in a bivouac at the National Park in Concord. During the day they practiced "guerilla" theater in Concord to "bring the war home." In Lexington the Board of Selectmen did not permit them to do "guerilla" theater. They instructed the veterans to walk into town single file. They unanimously voted to deny them the right to stay on the Lexington Battle Green.
All afternoon Saturday Lexington residents swarmed onto the Green. The day was a clamor of discussions and debates with clergy, townspeople and members of the town government that lasted into the evening hours. After nightfall, there were still hundreds of people on the Green. Many townspeople chose to find sleeping bags and spend the night. Upon instructions of the Board of Selectmen, the police chief ordered everyone to leave the Green. At 3 A.M. on Sunday morning 458 veterans and townspeople were arrested and taken by school buses to be jailed at the Public Works garage on Bedford Street. Later that morning, those arrested were again taken in school buses to a special Sunday session of the Concord District Court where most pled guilty to disobeying a town bylaw and were fined $5, "the cost of a night's lodging," as Concord Court Judge John Forte put it." ( Lexington Battle Green web site]
Unfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent Media Resources Center DVD X3247 June 13, 1971: The New York Times begins publishing leaked secret government documents (later known as The Pentagon Papers) under the headline: "Vietnam Archive: Pentagon Study Traces 3 Decades of Growing U.S. Involvement." The Papers were later revealed to have been leaked by Department of Defense worker Daniel Ellsberg [See Also June 28]
On Tuesday June 15, the government seeks and wins a restraining order against the Times - an injunction subsequently extended to the Washington Post when that paper picked up the cause. The epic legal battle that ensued culminated on June 30, 1971 in the U.S. Supreme Court's 6-3 decision to lift the prior restraints - arguably the most important Supreme Court case ever on freedom of the press. [NYT, 6/1/71; NYT 6/1/71a]
- Daniel Ellsberg Talk at Berkeley, March 23, 2007 (part I) (View it on YouTube)Daniel Ellsberg Talk at Berkeley, March 23, 2007 (part II) (View it on YouTube)Daniel Ellsberg: Secrets - Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (Talk at UC Santa Barbara) (View it on YouTube)Listen to Nixon telephone conversations concerning the Pentagon Papers (via National Security Archives) (includes transcripts)
View video of Arthur Sulzberger (NYT publisher) and Daniel Ellsberg on the Pentagon Papers (requires Real Media player)- History of the Pentagon Papers (via Vietnam Veterans of America website)New York v United States, June 26-30, 1971 (Supreme Court case re Pentagon Papers - includes text and audio of pleading) (via Oyez Project)
The Pentagon Papers: Secrets, Lies, and Audiotape(via National Security Archives)- The Most Dangerous Man in America [videorecording] Media Resources Center DVD X2484
August 29, 1971: Bombing of the Office of California Prisons in San Francisco and the State Department of Rehabilitation in San Mateo, California allegedly in retaliation for the killing of George Jackson [LAT, 8/29/71]; 17 September 1971: The New York Department of Corrections in Albany New York is bombed to protest the killing of 29 inmates at Attica State Penitentiary. [NYT, 9/18/71]; 15 October 1971:: The bombing of William Bundy's office in the MIT research center. [NYT, 10/15/71]
Prisoners of War Against the War, September 20, 1971
- [Announcer David Selvin]: "The tape we're about to hear was obtained this afternoon from the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)who received it while visiting North Vietnam in August [1971]. The tape itself contains four statements made by two unidentified POWs and two other POWs identified as John A. Young and Dr. F. Harold Kushner."
Tapes followed by interviews with Mrs. Kushner and Joe Ugo who along (VVAW)with a number of other people was responsible for obtaining the tapes from Hanoi.
Marc Coleman's Nonviolent Attack on the Oakland Draft Center, September 1971
Organizing in the Belly of the Monster, October 23, 1971
August 30, 1971: The Weather Underground bombs the the Department of Corrections office in San Francisco after the August 21, 1971 shooting of black revolutionary leader George Jackson at San Quentin Prison.
May 8, 1972: President Nixon orders the mining of all North Vietnamese ports. He takes this action without first consulting Congress. When he announces his decision to do this, he states that it was to prevent the flow of arms and other supplies to North Vietnam until all American prisoners of war were returned and the North Vietnamese government agreed to an internationally supervised ceasefire. The government of North Vietnam calls Nixon's decision to mine Hai Phong harbour and step up the air war 'the gravest step in escalation of the war to date'. [War and Protest- the US in Vietnam (1972 - 1975); Bowman, pp. 309-310]
December 28, 1972: The North Vietnamese announced that they will return to Paris if Nixon ends the bombing. The bombing campaign was halted and the negotiators met during the first week of January, 1973.
May 8-12, 1972: In reaction to the Nixon's May 8th announcement regarding the mining of Haiphong and other harbors in North Vietnam, violent anti-war clashes occur across the country. At Columbia, baton-wielding police charge a crowd of 600 demonstators; 450 demonstators scuffled with police at Stanford University. In Los Angeles, demonstrators block U.S. Highway 101, picket President Nixon's birthplace and conduct a "die-in" at Nixon's campaign headquarters in Los Angeles. Students and police battle at Berkeley and Columbia and a score of other universities. Two students at the University of New Mexico (Albuquerque) are wounded by police buckshot. On May 10, former Senator and Democratic contender for the presidency Eugene McCarthy calls upon Congress to impeach of Nixon. [LAT, 5/9/72; LAT, 5/10/72; NYT, 5/10/72]
May 11, 1972: The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reverses the contempt convictions of the Chicago Seven and their two defense attorneys, Leonard Weinglass and William Kunstler. On November 21, 1972, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals reverses the convictions of Hoffman, Rubin, Dellinger, Davis, and Hayden. The Court cites as one reason for its reversal Judge Hoffman's "antagonistic" courtroom demeanor. [NYT, 11/22/72; LAT, 11/22/72]
July-August 1972: Actress and anti-war activist Jane Fonda visits Hanoi, where she advocates opposition to the war. Her detractors label her "Hanoi Jane", comparing her to war propagandists Tokyo Rose and Hanoi Hannah. [See also Fonda, 1988]
- Recordings courtesy of The Freedom Archives
January 23, 1973: President Richard M. Nixon announces the Paris agreement, praising it as the fulfillment of his promise to bring "peace with honor" to Vietnam. Four days later, on January 27, representatives of the United States, North and South Vietnam, and the Vietcong signed the peace agreement, officially ending America's involvement in the Vietnam War. Its key provisions included a cease-fire throughout Vietnam, the withdrawal of U.S. forces, the release of prisoners of war, and the reunification of North and South Vietnam through peaceful means.
March 29, 1973: The last U.S. combat troops leave Vietnam.
April 30, 1975: A US trade embargo, already in effect against North Vietnam since 1964, is extended to the whole of Vietnam.
January, 1975: Actress Jane Fonda marries activist Tom Hayden.
April 10, 1972: Peter Davis' scathing documentary film indictment of the war, Hearts and Minds, wins the 75th Academy Award for Best Documentary. The award acceptance speech was read by the producer, Bert Schneider. In the speech, Schneider includes a message from the Vietcong delegation at the Paris Peace Talks: "Please transmit to all our friends in America our recognition of all that they have done on behalf of peace and for the application of the Paris accords on Vietnam. These actions server the legitimate interests of the American people and the Vietnamese people. Greetings of friendship to all American people." The speech is met with both cheers and "boos". Bob Hope, representing the Hollywood Old Guard, prods Frank Sinatra into reading a hastily written statement apologizing for "political references made on the program." [LAT, 4/10/75]
- Hearts and Minds Media Resources Center DVD 1184
- Recordings courtesy of The Freedom Archives
October 10, 1973: Spiro T. Agnew resigns his office as Vice President of the United States. Agnew pleads nolo contendere (no contest) to a criminal charge of tax evasion, part of a scheme where he allegedly accepted $29,500 in bribes during his tenure as governor of Maryland. Agnew is fined $10,000 and put on three years' probation. He is later disbarred by the State of Maryland. After he leaves the White House, Agnew becomes an international trade executive. He dies on September 17, 1996. [NYT, 10/11/73]
May 9, 1974: The House Judiciary Committee openes formal and public impeachment hearings against Nixon for his part in the Watergate affair. With impeachment seemingly inevitable, Nixon resigns his office on August 8, 1974.
April 9, 1976: Folksinger Phil Ochs, whose protest songs "Draft Dodger Rag," and " I Ain't Marchin' Anymore," became anthems of the anti-war movement commits suicide. The events of 1968the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, the police riot in Chicago, and the election of Richard Nixonhad left Ochs feeling disillusioned and depressed. The cover of his 1969 album Rehearsals for Retirement eerily portrays a tombstone with the words:
PHIL OCHS (AMERICAN)
BORN: EL PASO, TEXAS, 1940
DIED: CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, 1968
Ochs had also had a long history of mental problems and alcoholism.
- I am the living death
the memorial day on wheels
I am your Yankee Doodle Dandy
your John Wayne come home
your fourth of July firecracker
exploding in the grave
Kovic was the subject of Oliver Stone's 1989 movie Born on the Fourth of July (Media Resources Center DVD 769). [See NYT, 8/15/76; Kovic, 1976]
September 14, 1977: Ex-SDS leader, ex-Weather Underground member Mark Rudd turns himself in to Federal authorities. Rudd had jumped bail in 1970 while under indictment for his participation in the Columbia University takeover of 1968 [See April 23, 1968], and the Weather Underground "Days of Rage" [See October 6-11, 1969] After plea bargaining, Rudd receives misdemeanor charges and a $2,000 fine and two years probation. [NYT, 9/14/77]
In November 1980, Felt and Miller are found guilt on one count of civil rights violations and issued fines. In December 1980, charges are dropped against L. Patrick Gray. On April 15, 1981, President Ronald Reagan issues "full and unconditional" pardons to Felt and Miller. [LAT, 11/7/80; LAT, 4/15/81]
January 1980: The Berkeley student newspaper, The Daily Cal, conducts a survey of 400 students which indicates that the majority of those queried would willingly serve in the military if drafted, and feel that the US should become "involved militarily" if Iran is invaded by the Soviet Union. [LAT, 1/31/80]
Dohrn is currently an associate professor and director and founder of the Children and Family Justice Center at the Northwestern University School of Law. Since 2002, she has served as a Visiting Law Faculty at Vrieje University, Amsterdam.
October 20, 1981: Ex-Weather Underground and Black Liberation Army member Kathy Boudin is recruited by the radical Black Liberation Army to rob an armored car in Rockland County, New York. (Boudin, who along with Cathy Wilkerson had escaped the March 10, 1970 Greenwhich Village townhouse bomb explosion that killed Diana Oughton, had been living underground since the incident). In the course of the aborted heist, a security guard is killed. Boudin is apprehended, pleads guilty to felony murder and robbery and is sentenced to 20 years to life. [NYT, 10/22/81; NYT 5/4/84]
October 31, 1981: Max Scherr, publisher of the influencial underground newspaper The Berkeley Barb, dies at age 70. The Barb was at the Center of the People's Park takeover in 1969, and consistently infuriated then-governor Ronald Reagan who accused it of "helping sabotage law and order." [NYT, 11/8/81]
1982 In 1982 Westmoreland sues CBS reporter Mike Wallace (Westmoreland v CBS) for libel. The suit concerns a CBS sepecial ( The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception) in which it is alleged that Westmoreland and others had deliberately underestimated Vietcong troop strength in order to maintain morale and popular support for the war. Westmoreland eventually settles for an apology from CBS. (See Brewin, 1987; Mascaro)
November 13, 1982: A memorial to America's 2.7 million veterans of the Vietnam war, and to the memory of the 57,939 US soldiers killed or missing in the war is dedicated in Washington, D.C. The memorial is designed by a young architectural student, Maya Ying Li (Maya Lin).
The memorial is criticized by some veterans for not bearing an inscription identifying the war. On November 11, 1984 a statue of three Army infantymen is dedicated at the site. [NYT, 11/12/82; LAT 11/12/82]
- Bill Moyers Presents A Conversation with Maya Lin [videorecording] Media Resources Center Video/C 9722The Wall web siteNational Parks Service web site
Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision. [videorecording] Media Resources Center DVD 19961982-2000: Tom Hayden serves in the California State Assembly (1982-1992)and the State Senate (1992-2000). He unsuccesfully runs for Mayor of Los Angeles in 1997, defeated by the incumbent Richard Riordan. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California and is married to actress Barbara Williams.
In 1984, the American Legion collaborates with an independent Columbia University study conducted by Drs. Jeanne Mager Stellman and Steven Stellman which showed definite correlation between serious and often rare disorders and exposure to Agent Orange. In an April 17, 2003 article in the journal Nature, J. Stellman reports that the amount of highly toxic dioxin in Agent Orange was more than double the U.S. government's estimates.
May 7, 1984: Federal District court announces a $180 million out-of-court settlement brought against seven chemical companies (Dow Chemical Co., Monsanto Chemical Co., and others) in a class-action suite brought by 16,000 Vietnam vets against the manufactures of Agent Orange. In accordance with the distribution plan claimants were required to submit medical proof of exposure to the chemical sometime between 1961 and 1972. The manufacturers named in the suite had previously attempted to force the U.S. government to finance part of the fund. On May 9, 1985 Judge Jack Weinstein ruled that the government would not be required to contribute, based on a 1950 Supreme Court ruling exempting the government for liability for injuries to military personnel during their service. [See Also January 12, 1962] [LAT, 5/7/84; Schuck, 1986]
In April 1999, Jane Fonda is honored by ABC News and Ladies Home Journal as one of the "100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century," which uniformly infuriates veterans groups. [See Burke, 2004]
April 12, 1989: Abbie Hoffman is found dead, an apparent suicide from drug overdose. Hoffman had secretly been suffering from depression for years before his death. In August 1973 Hoffman and three others had been arrested and convicted for selling cocaine to an undercover policeman in New York. In April of the following year, Hoffman failed to appear at the hearing for the case. In the next several years, Hoffman went underground, including changing his name, undergoing plastic surgery, and remarrying. [NYT, 8/29/73; NYT, 8/29/73;NYT, 4/13/89]
1990: Jane Fonda and Tom Hayden divorce. Fonda subsequently marries media mogul Ted Turner in December 1991.
January 6, 1994: Weather Underground member Jeffrey David Powell, on the run since jumping bail in 1970, surrenders to police. In a prepared statement, Powell says, "I am proud to have fought for my country against the criminal government of Richard Nixon. ...And I am very happy not to be at war with my government now." He is released with a $500 fine and 18 months probation.
April 22, 1994: Richard Nixon dies. In his eulogy at Nixon's funeral, Henry Kissinger, Nixon's National Security Advisor and Secretary of State, commented:
"When I learned the final news, by then so expected yet so hard to accept, I felt a profound void. In the words of Shakespeare, "He was a man, take him for all in all. I shall not look upon his like again."
In the conduct of foreign policy, Richard Nixon was one of the seminal presidents. He came into office when the forces of history were moving America from a position of dominance to one of leadership. Dominance reflects strength; leadership must be earned. And Richard Nixon earned that leadership role for his country with courage, dedication, and skill.
When Richard Nixon took his oath of office, 550,000 Americans were engaged in combat in a place as far away from the United States as it was possible to be. America had no contact with China, the world's most populous nation, and no negotiations with the Soviet Union, the other nuclear superpower. Most Muslim countries had broken diplomatic relations with the United States; Middle East diplomacy was stalemated. All of this in the midst of the most anguishing domestic crisis since the Civil War."
When Richard Nixon left office, an agreement to end the war in Vietnam had been concluded, and the main lines of all subsequent policy were established: permanent dialogue with China; readiness without illusion to ease tensions with the Soviet Union; a peace process in the Middle East; the beginning, via the European Security Conference, of establishing human rights as an international issue; weakening Soviet hold on Eastern Europe. Richard Nixon's foreign policy goals were long range, and he pursued them without regard to domestic political consequences." [ Speaking Tips]
Journalist and all-around rabble-rouser Hunter S. Thompson offered his own "eulogy": "I have had my own bloody relationship with Nixon for many years, but I am not worried about it landing me in hell with him. I have already been there with that bastard, and I am a better person for it. Nixon had the unique ability to make his enemies seem honorable, and we developed a keen sense of fraternity. Some of my best friends have hated Nixon all their lives. My mother hates Nixon, my son hates Nixon, I hate Nixon, and this hatred has brought us together." [The Atlantic online]
November 28, 1994: Jerry Rubin is hit by a car in Los Angeles and killed while jaywalking on Wilshire Blvd. After the end of the war, Rubin radically changed his political and cultural views--a lifestyle change that included persuing a career as an capitalist and entrepreneur. Rubin invested in the health food industry and attempted to capitalize on the stock market. He became involved with the new age human consciousness movement of the 70's that included Rolfing, primal scream therapy, est, Reichian therapies, gestalt, and bioenergetics.
For a look at post-60s life of Rubin and other counterculture heroes, see the documentary "Growing Up in America" [UCB Media Resource Center Video/C 4972]
December 20,1994: Dean Rusk,Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson dies.
September 16, 1997 President Clinton signs Proclamation 7023 declaring Sept 19, 1997 as National POW/MIA Recognition Day.
March 15, 1998: Dr. Benjamin Spock dies at 94. After the Vietnam War Spock continued to join protest around issues like nuclear weapons and cuts in social welfare programs. In 1972, he ran in the US presidential election as People's Party candidate. His platform called for free medical care, the legalization of abortion and marijuana, a guaranteed minimum income for families and the immediate withdrawal of all American troops from foreign countries.
June 9, 2003: The Supreme Court announces its decision in Dow Chemical Co., et al. vs. Stephenson, et al., which involved two Vietnam veterans whose current illnesses did not manifest until after all of the money that had been set aside under a legal settlement had been depleted. Once the settlement funds had been exhausted, the Federal judge who presided over the original lawsuit refused to allow Vietnam veterans whose diseases were diagnosed thereafter to sue the chemical companies, ruling that such actions were barred by the earlier settlement. Two of these veterans appealed their cases to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, which held that their lawsuits could proceed because their interests were not adequately represented in the settled class action. [See also May 4, 1984] [ Newswire, June 2003]
April 28, 2005: The Pentagon identifies four more missing-in-action servicemen, thought to have been lost in 1967. This brings the number of identified, long-missing American troops in Vietnam to 748. A total of 1,835 US military personnel are still listed as missing.
April 26, 2009: 40th Anniversary celebration for People's Park
April 25, 2011 Madame Nhu (Tran Le Xuân), considered the first lady of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963, dies at 86 in Rome. Madame Nhu was wife of Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother and chief adviser to President Ngo Dinh Diêm. During her life, Madame Nhu accumulated vast wealth and power, but was reviled for her puritanical social campaigns and her callous dismissal of Buddhist monks who burned themselves to death to protest against the brutal rule of Diem and her husband Ngo Dinh Nhu. "I would clap hands at seeing another monk barbecue show, for one cannot be responsible for the madness of others," she wrote in a letter to the New York Times. [NYT, 4/27/11; The Gardian, 4/26/11]
ABOUT THIS PROJECT
The UC Berkeley Social Activism Sound Recording Project is a partnership between the UC Berkeley Library, the Pacifica Foundation, and other private and institutional sources. The intent of the project is to gather, catalog, and make accessible primary source media resources related to social activism and activist movements in California in the 1960's and 1970's. Some recordings have been edited for purposes of sound quality and continuity.
Sound and video files in this collection require the Real Media player:
SOURCES CITED OR CONSULTED
Newspapers and Journals
1961
1962
1963
- "Vietnam Drama; as the Military Take Control of Saigon." Nov 3, 1963. p. E1 (1 page)
UC users only
1964
- "M'namara Bars Vietnam Pullout; Defense Chief Also Rules Out Peace At Any Price M'namara Bars U.S. Withdrawal." The New York Times, Mar 27, 1964. p. 1 (2 pages)
- UC users only
- Text of speech:
UC users only - Text of speech:
1965
1966
- "Viet Group Splits on Berkeley Clash; Crowd of 2,000 Hears Criticism of Militants at UC Campus Rally." Los Angeles Times, Apr 14, 1966. p. 3 (2 pages)
1967
- "New Jungle Search." The New York Times, Feb 4, 1967. p. 2 (1 page)
- UC users only
1968
- "Truce Disrupted by Sharp Battle; 19 Government Troops and 30 Vietcong Reported Killed Near Saigon Sharp Fighting Disrupts Truce." New York Times, New York Times, Jan 1, 1968. p. 1 (2 pages)
- UC users only
UC users only- Wald, Karen. "Dean Rusk at the Fairmount: A View from One Corner," New Left Notes, January 22, 1968, p. 30. (as quoted in Ron Jacobs The Way The Wind Blew A History Of The Weather Underground London ; New York : Verso, 1997. (Main (Gardner) Stacks HN90.R3 J33 1997)
- "9 War Foes Begin Baltimore Trial; 1,500 Supporters Heckled as They Stage a March. The New York Times, Oct 8, 1968. p. 13 (1 page)
- UC users only
1969
- "Protests Across Country Close Weekend of Tribute to Dr. King; Flurry of Violence Erupts on West Coast -- Abernathy, in Atlanta, Urges End to Racism, Poverty and Vietnam War." New York Times, Apr 7, 1969. p. 19 (1 page)
- UC users only
1970
- "Protest Season on Campus." Time Magazine, May 11, 1970
- "Vice President Spiro Agnew, speaking to Republicans in Fort Lauderdale, Fla., unleashed another blunderbuss attack on colleges as 'circus tents or psychiatric centers for overprivileged, under-disciplined, irresponsible children of the well-to-do blase permissivists. ... We must look to how we are raising our children. They are, for the most part, the children of affluent, permissive, upper-middle-class parents who learned their Dr. Spock and threw discipline out the window--when they should have done the opposite. They are the children dropped off by their parents at Sunday school to hear the 'modern' gospel from a 'progressive' preacher more interested in fighting pollution than fighting evil--one of those pleasant clergymen who lifts his weekly sermons out of old newsletters from a National Council of Churches that has cast morality and theology aside as 'not relevant' and set as its goal on earth the recognition of Red China and the preservation of Florida alligator. Today, by the thousands--without a cultural heritage, without a set of spiritual values, and with a moral code summed up in that idealistic injunction 'Do your own thing,' Junior--his pot and Portnoy secreted in his knapsack--arrives at 'the Old Main' and finds there a smiling and benign faculty even less demanding than his parents.'"
- "At War With War." Time Magazine, May 18, 1970
- http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/20/
- "Even at Berkeley, which had witnessed three weeks of promiscuous "trashing" (random destruction) and cop-baiting, students rallied behind a faculty-student committee intent on raising protest above rampage and turning the vast resources of the university against the war. At a rally of 15,000 in the university's Hearst Greek Theater, talk of militance and confrontation was booed. Chicago Seven Defendant Tom Hayden turned up and tried to blend the war, the Black Panthers and the Kent State murders into one rhetorical attack on the U.S. His audience was not moved. Berkeley Law Professor Frank Newman received more sympathy when he recommended action to pass state antiwar laws and congressional measures to cut off funds for the Cambodian war.
The Berkeley crowd enthusiastically applauded U.C.L.A. Law Professor Michael Tigar when he said: "We must confront the President and force him to withdraw from Vietnam and leave the people there to determine their own fate. In the course of history, genocide and imperialism will be stopped. We have to decide whether you and I will liberate this country from the inside or whether it will be liberated from abroad." More than ever, there was a feeling among the dissidents that they formed a coherent bloc capable of exercising political muscle."
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975-1980
- "Majority of UC Students Would Serve if Drafted." Los Angeles, Jan 31, 1980. p. 23 (1 page)
UC users only 1981-1990
- Purvis, Andrew.
- "Clean bill for Agent Orange: a study refutes claims from veterans exposed to the herbicide." Time, April 9, 1990 v135 n15 p82(1)UC users only
1991-present
Books, Vidoes, Website
- Ambrose, Stephen.
Nixon. Simon and Schuster, c1987-c1991. MAIN: E856 .A721 1987 MORRISON: E856 .A721 1987MOFFITT: E856 1987
- Anderson, David L.
- "The Military and Diplomatic Course of the Vietnam War." In: The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1999 Doe Library Reference: E181 .O94 1999
- Bailey, Geoff.
- "The Making of a New Left: The Rise and Fall of SDS." International Socialist Review Issue 31, SeptemberOctober 2003
- Barry Goldwater: 1964 Republican National Convention Address. americanrhetoric.com
- Includes full-text and audiorecording of the speech.
- Bates, Tom
Rads. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. 465 pp.- About Karl Armstrong, who bombed the Army Math Research Center at U. of Wisconsin in 1970.
MOFF: HV6432 .B38 1992- About Karl Armstrong, who bombed the Army Math Research Center at U. of Wisconsin in 1970.
Biographical Dictionary of the American Left.- Edited by Bernard K. Johnpoll and Harvey Klehr. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986.
- Carroll, James.
- "The Christmas Bombings." Boston Globe December 24, 2002(via Common Dreams website)
CNN: Cold War series: Episode 11: Vietnam [videorecording]- Transcript at: http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/11/script.html Media Center Video/C 5738
- Safer: "A hundred and fifty homes were leveled in retaliation for a burst of gunfire. In Vietnam, like everywhere else in Asia, property, a home, is everything. A man lives with his family on ancestral land. His parents are buried nearby. Their spirit is part of his holding. If there were Vietcong in the hamlets, they were long gone. The women and the old men who remained will never forget that August afternoon."
- Dallek, Robert.
- "All the President's Words Hushed." Historically Speaking, Volume III, Number 4, April 2002
- "Bomb, bomb, bomb. That's all you know," Johnson said to Army Chief of Staff Harold K. Johnson. " . . . . I don't need ten generals to come in here and tell me to bomb. I want some solutions. I want some answers," the president declared. "Airplanes ain't worth a damn, Dick . . . . [,]" he complained to Senate Armed Services Chairman Richard Russell. "I guess they can do it in an industrial city. I guess they can do it in New York . . . . But that's the damnedest thing I ever saw. The biggest fraud. Don't you get your hopes up that the Air Force is going to" win this war. "Light at the end of the tunnel?" LBJ exclaimed to Bill Moyers about the bombing. "Hell, we don't even have a tunnel; we don't even know where the tunnel is."
- "Diana Oughton Story." United Press International. 1970.
- Halstead, Fred.
- Heineman, Kenneth J.
- Herring, George, C.
America's Longest War, the United States and Vietnam, 1950-1975 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002. Moffitt DS558.H45 2002 MAIN: DS558 .H451 1986 [earlier edition] MOFFITT: DS558 .H45 1986b [earlier edition]
- Jacobs, Harold, ed.
Weatherman. Ramparts Press, 1970
- Lemay, Curtis E.
Mission with LeMay: My Story. New York" Doubleday, 1965
- Linder, Douglas O. "The Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial." http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/Chicago7/Account.html
- "Join us in Chicago in August for an international festival of youth, music, and theater. Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball! Come all you rebels, youth spirits, rock minstrels, truth-seekers, peacock-freaks, poets, barricade-jumpers, dancers, lovers and artists!
"It is summer. It is the last week in August, and the NATIONAL DEATH PARTY meets to bless Lyndon Johnson. We re there! There are 50,000 of us dancing in the streets, throbbing with amplifiers and harmony. We are making love in the parks. We are reading, singing, laughing, printing newspapers, groping, and making a mock convention, and celebrating the birth of FREE AMERICA in our own time.
"Everything will be free. Bring blankets, tents, draft-cards, body-paint, Mr. Leary's Cow, food to share, music, eager skin, nd happiness. The threats of LBJ, Mayor Daley, and J. Edgar Freako will not stop us. We are coming! We are coming from all over the world!
"The life of the American spirit is being torn asunder by the forces of violence, decay, and the napalm-cancer fiend. We demand the Politics of Ecstasy! We are the delicate spores of the new fierceness that will change America. We will create our own reality, we are Free America! And we will not accept the false theater of the Death Convention.
"We will be in Chicago. Begin preparations now! Chicago is yours! Do it!"
Malcolm X Talks to Young People: Speeches in the U.S., Britain, and Africa. New York: Pathfinder Press, 1991.- MAIN: E185.61 .L582 1991MOFFITT: E185.61 .L582 1991>
- Mascaro, Tom. "The Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception." Museum of Broadcast Communications. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/U/htmlU/uncountedene/uncountedene.htm
- "Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. 'The War on Vietnam: A McComb, Mississippi, Protest.'" In: Black Protest: History, Documents, and Analyses, 1619 to the Present. Edited by Joanne Grant. pp: 415-416. 2nd ed. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcett, 1974.
- MAIN: E185 .G75
- Available online at: http://www.aavw.org/protest/early_mfdp_abstract01.html
- Available online at: http://www.aavw.org/protest/early_mfdp_abstract01.html
- Nixon. [videorecording] A production of WGBH Boston for American Experience. Alexandria, Va. : PBS Video : Warner Home Video [distributor], c2000.
Transcript at: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/37_nixon/filmmore/filmscript.html
The People's Almanac #3- Edited by David Wallechinsky and Irving Wallace 1st ed New York : Morrow, 1981
- "People's History of Berkeley." Barrington Collective. March 24, 2005.
- "Ranch Hand Vietnam: Southeast Asia 1961-1971." http://www.ranchhandvietnam.org/ [December 6, 1999]
- "Reagan, Hoover, and the UC Red Scare."
San Francisco Chronicle (Campus Files)http://www.sfgate.com/news/special/pages/2002/campusfiles/
The Report of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest. [Washington; For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1970.- EDUCATION/PSYCHOLOGY: LA229 .U54
- Rosenfeld, Seth. "The FBI's secret UC files." San Francsico Chronicle: Campus Files June 9, 2002
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF1.DTL
- Rorabaugh, W. J.
- Rosenfeld, Seth.
- "The FBI's secret UC files." San Francsico Chronicle: Campus Files, June 9, 2002
- http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/06/09/MNCF1.DTL
Takin' it to the Streets: A Sixties Reader.- Edited by Alexander Bloom and Wini Breines. pp: 226-227. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. MOFFITT: E841 .T28 1995
- Vietnam: A Television History - Homefront USA (PBS) [videorecording] Transcript:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/vietnam/series/pt_10.html
- "Demonstrators attacked too. And they posed difficult problems for police as they persisted in marching through the streets, blocking traffic and intersections. But it was the police who forced them out of the park and into the neighborhood. And on the part of the police there was enough wild club swinging, enough cries of hatred, enough gratuitous beating to make the conclusion inescapable that individual policemen, and lots of them, committed violent acts far in excess of the requisite force for crowd dispersal or arrest. To read dispassionately the hundreds of statements describing at firsthand the events of Sunday and Monday nights is to become convinced of the presence of what can only be called a police riot."
- Wolfe, Morris.
Essays New and Selected.- http://www.grubstreetbooks.ca/essays/vietnam.html
Wollenberg, Charles. Berkeley, A City in History
- Wollenberg, Charles.
- "California and the Vietnam War: Microcosm and Magnification."
- http://www.kqed.org/topics/arts/books/vietnam.pdf
- Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan.
Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against The War In Vietnam 1963-1975 Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1984. MAIN: DS559.62.U6 Z37 1984 MOFFITT: DS559.62.U6 Z37 1984
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